The solo form should take the students through a complete, natural, range of motion over their centre of gravity. Accurate, repeated practise of the solo routine is said to encourage circulation throughout the students' bodies, maintain flexibility through their joints and familiarize students with the leverage associated with the martial applications implied in the forms. The major styles of T'ai Chi have forms which differ somewhat cosmetically, but there are also many obvious similarities which point to their common origin. The solo forms, empty-hand and weapon, are catalogues of movements that are practised individually in pushing hands and application scenarios to prepare students for self-defence training. In most traditional schools (the modern Yang style being a conspicuous exception) different variations of the solo forms are practiced; fast/slow, small circle/large circle, square/round (different expressions of leverage through the joints), low sitting/high sitting (the degree to which weight-bearing knees are kept bent throughout the form), for example.
Other training exercises include:
Weapons training and fencing applications employing the straight sword (ji¨¤n „¦), a heavier curved sabre, sometimes called a broadsword (d¨¡o µ¶, which is actually considered a big knife), fan, staff, 7 foot spear and 13 foot lance (both called qi¨¡ng ˜Œ). Less commonly known weapons still in use are the large Bagua sabre, halberd (j¨« êª), cane, rope-dart, Three sectional staff and steel whip.
Two-person tournament fighting (san shou É¢ÊÖ);
Breathing exercises; nei kung (ƒÈ¹¦ n¨¨ig¨Âng) or, more commonly, ch'i kung (šâ¹¦ q¨¬g¨Âng) to develop ch'i (šâ q¨¬) or "breath energy" in coordination with physical movement. These were formerly taught only to disciples as a separate, complementary training system. In the last 50 years they have become more well known to the general public.
T'ai Chi's martial aspect relies on sensitivity to the opponent's movements and centre of gravity dictating appropriate responses. Effectively affecting or "capturing" the opponent's centre of gravity immediately upon contact is trained as the primary goal of the martial T'ai Chi student, and from there all other technique can follow with seeming effortlessness. The alert calmness required to achieve the necessary sensitivity is acquired over thousands of hours of first yin (slow, repetitive, meditative, low impact) and then later adding yang ("realistic," active, fast, high impact) martial training; forms, pushing hands and sparring. T'ai Chi Ch'¨¹an trains in three basic ranges, close, medium and long, and then everything in between. Pushes and open hand strikes are more common than punches, and kicks are usually to the legs and lower torso, never higher than the hip in most styles. The fingers, fists, palms, sides of the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, back, hips, knees and feet are commonly used to strike, with strikes to the eyes, throat, heart, groin and other acupressure points trained by advanced students. There is an extensive repertoire of joint traps, locks and breaks (chin na), particularly applied to lock up or break an opponent's elbows, wrists, fingers, ankles, back or neck. Most T'ai Chi teachers expect their students to thoroughly learn defensive or neutralizing skills first, and a student will have to demonstrate proficiency with them before offensive skills will be extensively trained. There is also an emphasis in the traditional schools on kind-heartedness. One is expected to show mercy to one's opponents, as instanced by a poem preserved in some of the T'ai Chi families said to be derived from the Shaolin temple:
"I would rather maim than kill
Hurt than maim
Intimidate than hurt
Avoid than intimidate."
all quoted from en.wikipedia.com
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