Anyway I think out of the three kingdoms,Wei(caocao)is the best,coz he established relationships with northern ethnic groups.therefore the invasion of wuhu(5 northern namadic groups) were been delayed.As we know,after Jin dyasty(the dynasty after 3kingdom period),the invasion northern nomads caused the deaths of 80 percent of Han chinese.If CaoCao  didn't unify the northern Han territory,the invasion of the northern nomads would be even more earlier and as the Han kingdom is in chaos and not united,there wouldn't be any effective resistence to the nomads,so the deaths of Han people  would never be just about 80 percent,may be the whole race would be extincted or been forced to escape from the mainland(such as the Sinhalese,the original Northern Indian people were been forced to move to the south by the aryan whites).Or if Cao Cao can unify the 3 kingdoms earlier,the Jin dynasty would even exist in Chinese history and as the Han Kingdom is united,the 五胡乱华,the massacres of Han people caused by the northern nomads wouldn't happen also

1st century

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 102 536 100 India 33 750 ^[6] 32.9 Han China 26 820 26.2 Roman Empire 22 000 ^[7] 21.5 Western Europe 11 115 10.8 West Asia 9 500 9.3 Africa 7 013 6.8 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 6 970 6.8 Latin America 2 240 2.2 Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) 1 900 1.9 Russia and Central Asia 1 560 ^[8] 1.5 Japan 1 200 1.2 North America and Australia 468^{[citation needed]} 0.5^{[citation needed]}

 

1000

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 116 790 100 India 33 750 ^[6] 28.9 Song China 26 550 22.7 Africa 13 723 11.8 Poland 12 415 10.6 Western Europe 10 165 8.7 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 6 215 6.8 Latin America 4 560 3.9 Japan 3 188 2.7 Russia and Central Asia 2 840 ^[8] 2.4 Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) 2 600 2.2 North America and Australia 784 0.7

1500

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 247 116 100 Ming China 61 800 25.0 India 60 500 ^[6] 24.5 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 20 806 8.4 Poland 18 400 7.4 Italy 11 550 4.7 France 10 912 4.4 West Asia 10 495 4.2 Russia and Central Asia 8 475 ^[8] 3.4 Germany 8 112 3.3 Japan 7 700 3.1 Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) 6 237 2.5 Spain 4 744 1.9 South America and Central America 4 100 1.7 Mexico 3 188 1.3 British Isles 2 815 1.1 Austria 1 414 0.6 Belgium 1 225 0.5 United States 800 ^[9] 0.3 Netherlands 716 0.3 Portugal 632 0.3 Switzerland 482 0.2 Denmark 443 0.2 Sweden 382 0.2 Canada and Australia 320 0.1 Norway 192 0.1 Finland 136 0.1

1600

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 329 417 100 Ming China 96 000 29.2 Mughal India 74 250 22.6 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 24 088 7.3 Africa 22 000 6.7 France 15 559 4.7 Italy 14 410 4.4 West Asia 12 637 3.8 Germany 12 432 3.8 Russia and Central Asia 11 447 ^[8] 3.5 Japan 9 620 2.9 Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) 8 743 2.7 Spain 7 416 2.1 British Isles 6 007 1.8 South America and Central America 2 623 0.8 Austria 2 093 0.6 Netherlands 2 052 0.6 Belgium 1 561 0.5 Mexico 1 134 0.3 Switzerland 880 0.3 Portugal 850 0.3 Sweden 626 0.2 United States 600 ^[9] 0.2 Denmark 569 0.2 Canada and Australia 320 0.1 Norway 304 0.1 Finland 215 0.1

1700

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 371 369 100 Mughal India 90 750 24.4 Qing China 82 800 22.3 Western Europe 82 072 22.1 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 28 276 7.6 Africa 24 400 6.6 France 21 180 5.7 Russia and Central Asia 16 222 ^[8] 4.4 Japan 15 390 4.1 Italy 14 630 3.9 Germany 13 410 3.6 West Asia 12 291 3.3 British Isles 10 709 2.9 Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) 10 647 2.9 Spain 7 893 2.2 Netherlands 4 009 1.1 South America and Central America 3 813 1.0 Mexico 2 558 0.7 Austria 2 483 0.7 Belgium 2 288 0.6 Portugal 1 708 0.5 Switzerland 1 253 0.3 Sweden 1 231 0.3 Denmark 727 0.2 United States 527 ^[9] 0.1 Norway 450 0.1 Canada and Australia 300 0.1 Finland 255 0.1

1820

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 694 442 100 Qing China 228 600 32.9 India 111 417 ^[6] 16.0 France 38 434 5.5 Russian Empire 37 710 5.4 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 36 592 5.3 United Kingdom 36 232 5.2 Africa 31 010 4.5 Germany 26 349 3.8 Eastern Europe (excluding Russian Empire) 23 149 3.3 Italy 22 535 3.2 Japan 20 739 3.0 West Asia 18 549 2.7 Spain 12 975 1.9 United States 12 548 1.8 South America and Central America 9 120 1.3 Netherlands 4 288 0.6 Mexico 5 000 0.7 Belgium 4 529 0.7 Austria 4 104 0.6 Portugal 3 175 0.5 Sweden 3 098 0.4 Switzerland 2 342 0.3 Denmark 1 471 0.2 Norway 1 071 0.2 Canada and Australia 941 0.1 Finland 913 0.1

1870

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 1 101 369 100 British Empire 265 000 ^[10] 24.1 Qing China 189 740 17.2 British India 134 882 12.2 United Kingdom 100 179 9.1 United States 98 374 8.9 Russian Empire 83 646 7.6 France 72 100 6.5 Germany 71 429 6.5 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 55 391 5.0 Eastern Europe (excluding Russian Empire) 45 448 4.1 Italy 41 814 3.8 Africa 40 172 3.6 Japan 25 393 2.3 South America and Central America 21 683 2.0 West Asia 22 405 2.0 Spain 22 295 2.0 Canada and Australia 13 781 1.3 Belgium 13 746 1.2 Netherlands 9 952 0.9 Austria 8 419 0.8 Sweden 6 927 0.6 Mexico 6 214 0.6 Switzerland 5 867 0.5 Portugal 4 338 0.4 Denmark 3 782 0.3 Norway 2 485 0.2 Finland 1 999 0.2

1913

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 2 704 782 100 British Empire 570 406 ^[11] 21.1 United States 517 383 19.1 Republic of China 241 344 8.9 Germany 237 332 8.8 Russian Empire 232 351 8.6 United Kingdom 224 618 8.3 British India 204 241 7.6 France 144 489 5.3 Eastern Europe (excluding Russian Empire) 121 559 4.5 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 120 462 4.5 South America and Central America 95 760 3.5 Italy 95 487 3.5 Africa 72 948 2.7 Japan 71 653 2.6 Canada and Australia 68 249 2.5 Spain 45 686 1.7 West Asia 35 428 1.3 Belgium 32 347 1.2 Mexico 25 921 1.0 Netherlands 24 955 0.9 Austria 23 451 0.9 Sweden 17 403 0.6 Switzerland 16 483 0.6 Denmark 11 670 0.4 Portugal 7 467 0.3 Finland 6 389 0.2 Norway 6 119 0.2

1950

Region / Country GDP (PPP)
mill. of International dollars GDP Share
percentage (%) World 5 336 101 100 United States 1 455 916 27.3 Soviet Union 510 243 9.6 South America and Central America 356 188 6.7 United Kingdom 347 850 6.5 Germany 265 354 5.0 Far East (excluding China, India, Japan, Russia) 252 166 4.7 People's Republic of China 239 903 4.5 Republic of India 222 222 4.2 France 220 492 4.1 Africa 194 569 3.6 Eastern Europe (excluding Soviet Union) 185 023 3.5 Canada and Australia 179 574 3.4 Italy 164 957 3.1 Japan 160 966 3.0 West Asia 110 412 2.1 Spain 66 792 1.3 Mexico 67 368 1.3 Netherlands 60 642 1.1 Sweden 47 269 0.9 Belgium 47 190 0.9 Switzerland</sp

these are the real hot guys of three Kingdom period based on true history records

魏明帝曹睿：「容止可观，望之俨然。」「魏明帝天姿秀出，立发垂地；口吃少言，而沉毅好断。」      
高贵乡公曹髦：「神明爽隽，德音宣朗」。       
天才儿童曹冲：「辨察仁爱，与性俱生，容貌姿美，有殊于众，故特见宠异」。      
傅巽：「?伟博达，有知人鉴」。      
蒯越：「深中足智，魁伟有雄姿」。        
何晏：「晏性自喜，动静粉白不去手，行步顾影。」     
荀彧：「其人伟美」、「?姿奇表」、「荀有仪容」，      
王褒：「身长八尺四寸，容貌绝异」。          
何桢：「文学器干，容貌甚伟」。       
崔琰：「眉目疏朗，须长八尺，甚有威重，朝士瞻望，而太祖亦敬畏焉」。      
何熙：「身长八尺五寸，体貌魁梧，善为容仪」。         
张既：「为人有容仪」。 许褚：「长八尺余，腰大十围，容貌雄毅，勇力绝人」。       
蒋干：「有仪容，以才辩见称」。      
羊祜：（美须眉）      
程昱：（长八尺三四，虎须髯，世之奇士） 
王濬：（美姿颜） 

 
诸葛亮：（身长八尺，容貌甚伟，时人诧异．）     
赵云：「身长八尺，姿颜雄伟」      
许靖：「倜傥瑰玮，有当世之具」。     
糜竺：「雍容敦雅」      
彭羕：「身长八尺，容貌甚伟」。      
刘封：（器宇轩昂）      
吴懿：（长八尺，仪容威严）       

   
孙策：「美姿颜，好笑语，性阔达听受，善于用人，是以士民见者，莫不尽心，乐为致死」。「策时年少，虽有位号，而士民皆呼为孙郎，百姓闻孙郎至，皆失魂魄）     
孙权：「形貌奇伟，骨体不恒。」       
太史慈：「长七尺七寸，美须髯」。       
孙桓：「仪容端正，器怀聪朗。」       
诸葛瑾：「虽然面长似驴，但仍有容貌思度」     
周瑜：这简直也是招牌了，居然只有一句「壮有姿貌」？       
鲁肃：「体貌魁奇，少有壮节，好为奇计」。       
程普：「有容貌计略，善于应对」。     
吕范：「有容观姿貌」，而且他也是以爱漂亮出名的，就算犯禁都要穿得比皇帝美！还好孙权不跟他计较……      
陆绩：「容貌雄壮，博学多识，星历算数无不该览」。      
张温：「少修节操，容貌奇伟」。       
朱据：「有容貌膂力，又能论难」。       
滕胤：「少有节操，美容仪」、「为人白晰，威仪可观      
黄盖：（容貌威严）      
陆逊：（男身女相）   
孙韶：（长八尺，容貌不俗）   

马腾：（身长八尺余，鼻貌雄异）     
刘表：「长八尺余，姿貌甚伟」。     
刘琦 ：（容貌类于其父（刘表））   
管宁：（身长八尺，美须眉，仪容甚伟）      
司马炎：「长八尺三寸，腰带十围，仪状魁岸，与众有异，乡党宗族咸景附焉」。     
公孙瓒：「有姿仪，大音声」。      
谋士田丰：天姿?杰，权略多奇。      
袁尚：「绍爱少子尚，貌美，欲以为后而未显」。   
袁绍：（身材魁梧，颇具风度）

takeshi acting as zhuge kongming  is very suitable,according to sanguozhi,zhugeliang was just looked like his bro zhugejin,has a long face

The origins of the Japanese people is not entirely clear yet. It is common for Japanese people to think that Japan is not part of Asia since it is an island, cut off from the continent. This tells a lot about how they see themselves in relation to their neighbours. But in spite of what the Japanese may think of themselves, they do not have extraterrestrial origins, and are indeed related to several peoples in Asia.

We shall have to go back a long way through history and analyse in depth the culture and language of the archipelago and try to find out whether the Japanese are indeed unique, and in what way.

During the last Ice Age, which ended approximately 15,000 years ago, Japan was connected to the continent through several land bridges, notably one linking the Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan and Kyushu, one linking Kyushu to the Korean peninsula, and another one connecting Hokkaido to Sakhalin and the Siberian mainland. In fact, the Philippines and Indonesia were also connected to the Asian mainland. This allowed migrations from China and Austronesia towards Japan, about 35,000 years ago. These were the ancestors of the modern Ryukyuans (Okinawans), and the first inhabitants of all Japan.

The Ainu came from Siberia and settled in Hokkaido and Honshu some 15,000 years ago, just before the water levels started rising again. Nowadays the Ryukuyans, the Ainus and the Japanese are considered three ethnically separate groups. We will see why.

Genetic evidence

It is now believed that the modern Japanese descend mostly from the interbreeding of the Jomon Era people (15,000-300 BCE), composed of the above Ice Age settlers, and a later arrival from China and/or Korea. Around 300 BCE, the Yayoi people crossed the see from Korea to Kyushu, bringing with them a brand new culture, based on wet rice cultivation and horses.

DNA tests have confirmed the likelihood of this hypothesis. The Y-DNA (paternal line) of the modern Japanese is composed at 50% of haplogroup O, of Sino-Korean origin. The rest is made of three haplogroups C, D and N. The 15% of haplogroups C and N, or Siberian origin, might have come through the Ainus, but more probably through the Yayoi invaders.

The 35% of haplogroup D (or DE) is the most interesting for this study. It is only found in very specific regions : the Andaman Islands (between India and Myanmar), Indonesia (only a small minority), Mongolia (also a small minority) and Tibet. It is thought to have originated in East Africa some 50,000 years before present. Those people would have migrated along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, through Indonesia, and gone up to Japan, South-East Siberia, then moved inland to Mongolia to end up in Tibet.

It likely that haplogroup D represents the settlers of Austronesian and Ainu origin. The presence of this haplogroup in a minority of Indonesian people confirms the link between the two countries. As for the Ainu, we know from the last surviving tribes of "pure" Ainu (most of whom live in Sakhalin rather than Japan) that almost all of them belong to haplogroup D. It would mean that the aboriginal people of Japan, the Ryukyuans and the Ainus, are ultimately related.

The Austronesian connection

The Indonesians, Malaysians and Philipinos originated from Southern China. They migrated on boats via Taiwan and displaced the original inhabitants that might have been related to Dravidians of Southern India. We will see below that it is possible that some of these early Austronesians may have been the ancestors of the Ice Age settlers of Japan.

From a linguistic point of view, Bahasa Indonesia/Malaysia and Japanese language share only a few similarities, but nonetheless striking ones. Apart from the very similar pronunciation in both languages, there is the same hierarchical differences in personal pronouns. For example "you" is either anda or kamu with the same meaning and usage as anata and kimi in Japanese. Likewise, the Japanese verb suki ("to like") translates suka in Bahasa. Such similarities are probably more than mere coincidences, and may reveal a common origin. Furthermore, in both languages the plural can be formed by simply doubling the word. For instance, in Japanese hito means "person", while hitobito means "people". Likewise ware means "I" or "you", whereas wareware means "we". Doubling of words in Japanese is so common that there is a special character used only to mean the word is doubled (々) in written Japanese. In Bahasa, this way of forming the plural is almost systematical (person is orang, while people is orang-orang). Expressions like ittekimasu, itteirashai, tadaima and okaeri, used to greet someone who leaves or enter a place, and which have no equivalent in Indo-European languages, have exact equivalents in Indonesian (selamat jalan, selamat tinggal...).

Another evidence of the migration of haplogroup D from the Indian Ocean to Japan is that Tamil language (from Tamil Nadu in South India) also bears some uncanny similarities with Japanese language. Naturally, these languages having evolved separately for maybe 40,000 years, only a tiny fraction of the common roots have subsisted, but enough to confirm that such a common origin might indeed have existed, in a very distant past.

Japanese matsuri (festivals) resemble so much Balinese ones that one could wonder if one was not copied from the other. During cremations in Bali, the dead body is carried on a portable shrine, very much in the way that the Japanese carry their mikoshi. Balinese funerals are joyful and people swinging the portable shrine in the streets and making loud noise to scare the evil spirits. Basically, Balinese religion is a form of Hinduism that has incorporated the aborigenal animist religion. Japanese Shintoism is also a variety of animism, and is practised side-by-side with Buddhism, a religion derived from Hinduism (Buddha himslef was born a Hindu). There are lots of other cultural similarities between ancient cultures of Indonesia and Japan. For example, both Balinese temples and Japanese shrines, as well as traditional Japanese and Balinese houses have a wall surrounding them, originally meant tp prevent evil spririts from penetrating the property. Despite the radical changes that Indonesian culture underwent after the introduction of Islam and Christianity, and the changes that Buddhism brought to Japan, it is still possible to observe clear similarities between the supposed original prehistoric cultures of the two archipelagoes.

The Korean connection

Japanese and Korean languages are both classified by linguists as Altaic languages, along with Mongolic, Tungusic and Turkic, among others. Nevertheless, Japanese is so distant from Mongolic and Turkic than the common points are hardly more evident than those with Indonesian or even Tamil.

Korean language, however, is much closer to Japanese. The grammar is very similar, and both have imported about half of their vocabulary from Chinese, which makes these three languages almost mutually understable in the written form, thanks to Chinese characters (rarely used in Korea nowadays, except in place names). Native Korean and Japanese words are often related when comparing Old Korean and Old Japanese, but few of them are really obvious to modern speakers.

Mindset and values in Japan and South Korea are deeply intertwined, thanks to the strong influence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in both countries. This is obvious from the corporate culture (e.g. discipline, seniority system), the strict politeness system, or the Taoist/Buddhist value of simplicity and humility.

The Japanese colonisation of Korea (1895-1945) has left of a lot of resentment on the Korean side and a sense of superiority mixed with repressed shame and denial on the Japanese side. This is why both Koreans and Japanese are often reluctant to admit their similitudes. However, thanks to natural affinities in sensitivities and tastes, South Korea and Japan appear to be culturally closer as ever nowadays.

betrayers